Pmo Project Management Office

A Project Management Office (PMO) is a group or department within a business, agency or enterprise that defines and maintains standards for project management within the organization. The PMO strives to standardize and introduce economies of repetition in the execution of projects. The PMO is the source of documentation, guidance and metrics on the practice of project management and execution.In some organisations this is known as the Program Management Office (sometimes abbreviated to PgMO to differentiate); the subtle difference is that program management relates to governing the management of several related projects. Traditional PMOs base project management principles on industry-standard methodologies such as PMBOK or PRINCE2. Increasingly influential industry certification programs such as ISO9000 and the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) as well as government regulatory requirements such as Sarbanes-Oxley have propelled organizations to standardize processes[cita tion needed].Organizations around the globe are defining, borrowing and collecting best practices in process and project management and are increasingly assigning the PMO to exert overall influence and evolution of thought to continual organizational improvement[citation needed]. According to the Standish CHAOS Report (2009)[citation needed], 68% of projects do not meet time/cost/scope targets. Only 32% of projects were completed on time, within budget and delivered measurable business and stakeholder benefits. There are many reasons for such failures. As per a KPMG survey[citation needed] of 252 organizations, technology is not the most critical factor.Inadequate project management implementation constitutes 32% of project failures, lack of communication constitutes 20% and unfamiliarity with scope and complexity constitutes 17%. Accordingly 69% of project failures are due to lack and/or improper implementation of project management methodologies. Establishing a PMO group is not a short term strategy to lower costs. [1] Surveys with companies indicates that the longer they have an operating PMO group the better the results achieved to accomplish project goals (which might lead to lowering costs)[citation needed].PMOs may take other functions beyond standards and methodology, and participate in Strategic Project Management either as facilitator or actively as owner of the Portfolio Management process. Tasks may include Monitoring and Reporting on active projects (following up project until completion), and reporting progress to top management for strategic decisions on what projects to continue or cancel. A PMO can be one of three types from an organizational exposure perspective: enterprise PMO, organizational (departmental) PMO, or special–purpose PMO.The Project Management Institute (PMI) Program Management Office Community of Practice (CoP), views the PMO as a strategic driver for organizational excellence and seeks to enhance the practices of execu tion management, organizational governance, and strategic change leadership[citation needed]. As the largest community devoted to the PMO, with over 4,000 members globally, the PMO CoP is the central forum to collaborate, expand the knowledge base, and mature the PMO practice within their own organizations and the business community at large.

Customer Retention Essay

The easiest way to grow your customers is not to lose them The average business loses around 20 percent of its customers annually simply by failing to attend to customer relationships. In some industries this leakage is as high as 80 percent. The cost, in either case, is staggering, but few businesses truly understand the implications. Imagine two businesses, one that retains 90 percent of its customers, the other retaining 80 percent. If both add new customers at the rate of 20 percent per year, the first will have a 10 percent net growth in customers per year, while the other will have none. Over seven years, the first firm will virtually double, while the second will have no real growth. Everything else being equal, that 10-percent advantage in customer retention will result in a doubling of customers every seven years without doing anything else. The consequences of customer retention also compound over time, and in sometimes unexpected ways. Even a tiny change in customer retention can cascade through a business system and multiply over time. The resulting effect on long-term profit and growth shouldn’t be underestimated. Marketing Wizdom can introduce you to a number of simple customer retention strstegies that will cost you little or nothing to implement. Behind each technique listed here there is an in-depth step-by-step process that will increase your customer retention significantly once implemented, and will have a massive impact on your business. 1. Reducing Attrition Virtually every business loses some customers, but few ever measure or recognise how many of their customers become inactive. Most businesses, ironically, invest an enormous amount of time, effort and expense building that initial customer relationship. Then they let that relationship go unattended, in some cases even losing interest as soon as the sale been made, or even worse, they abandon the customer as soon as an easily remedied problem occurs, only to have to spend another small fortune to replace that customer. The easiest way to grow your business is not to lose your customers. Once you stop the leakage, it’s often possible to double or triple your growth rate because you’re no longer forced to make up lost ground just to stand still. 2. Sell and then sell again So many people do an excellent job of making the initial sale, then drop the ball and get complacent, ignoring the customer, while they chase more business. Your selling has actually only just begun when someone makes that initial purchase decision because virtually everyone is susceptible to buyer’s remorse. To lock in that sale, and all of the referrals and repeat business that will flow from it, you need to strike while the iron is hot to allay your customers’ fears and demonstrate by your actions that you really care. You should thank them and remind them again why they’ve made the right decision to deal with you †¦ and put a system in place to sell to them again, and again, constantly proving that they made the right decision. 3. Bring back the â€Å"lost sheep† There’s little point in dedicating massive resources to generating new customers when 25-60% of your dormant customers will be receptive to your attempts to regenerate their business if you approach them the right way, with the right offer. Reactivating customers who already know you and your product is one of the easiest, quickest ways to increase your revenues. Re-contacting and reminding them of your existence, finding out why they’re no longer buying, overcoming their objections and demonstrating that you still value and respect them will usually result in a tremendous bounty of sales and drastically increased revenues in a matter of days †¦ and will lead to some of your best and most loyal customers. 4. Frequent Communications Calendar Avoid losing your customers by building relationships and keeping in touch using a rolling calendar of communications. This is a programmed sequence of letters, events, phone calls, â€Å"thank you’s†, special offers, follow-ups, magic moments, and cards or notes with a personal touch etc. that occur constantly and automatically at defined points in the pre-sales, sales and post-sales process. People not only respond to this positively, they really appreciate it because they feel valued and important. It acknowledges them, keeps them informed, offsets post-purchase doubts, reinforces the reason they’re doing business with you and makes them feel part of your business so that they want to come back again and again. 5. Extraordinary Customer Service The never-ending pursuit of excellence to keep customers so satisfied that they tell others how well they were treated when doing business with you. Moving the product or service you deliver into the realm of the extraordinary by delivering higher than expected levels of service to each and every customer. Key facets include: dedication to customer satisfaction by every employee; providing immediate response; no buck passing; going above and beyond the call of duty; consistent on-time delivery; delivering what you promise before AND after the sale; a zero-defects and error-free-delivery process and recruiting outstanding people to deliver your customer service. Extraordinary service builds fortunes in repeat customers, whereas poor service will drive your customers to your competition. 6. Courtesy system A powerful system that improves the interpersonal skills of your team and changes the spirit of your organisation. It involves speaking to colleagues politely and pleasantly, without sarcasm or parody, and treating them at least as well as you would want them to treat your customers. This will help your team to feel worthwhile and important, which makes for pleasant social contacts at work. It also motivates them to provide extraordinary service, encourages them to be consistently pleasant in all of their dealings and to relate to customers in a warm, human and natural manner. This results in better, warmer, stronger, more trusting relationships and longer term bonds with your customers. 7. Product or service integrity Long-term success and customer retention belongs to those who do not take ethical shortcuts. There must always be total consistency between what you say and do and what your customers experience. The design, build quality, reliability and serviceability of your product or service must be of the standard your customers want, need and expect. Service integrity is also demonstrated by the way you handle the small things, as well as the large. Customers will be attracted to you if you are open and honest with them, care for them, take a genuine interest in them, don’t let them down and practice what you preach †¦ and they will avoid you if you don’t. 8. Measure lifetime value There’s a vast difference between the one-off profit you might make on an average sale, which ignores the bigger picture, and the total aggregate profit your average customer represents over the lifetime of their business relationship with you. Once you recognise how much combined profit a customer represents to your business when they purchase from you again and again, over the months, years or decades, you’ll realise the critical importance of taking good care of your customers. And because you’ll understand just how much time, effort and expense you can afford to invest in retaining that customer, you’ll be in control of your marketing expenditure. 9. A complaint is a gift 96 percent of dissatisfied customers don’t complain. They just walk away, and you’ll never know why. That’s because they often don’t know how to complain, or can’t be bothered, or are too frightened, or don’t believe it’ll make any difference. Whilst they may not tell you what’s wrong, they will certainly tell plenty of others. A system for unearthing complaints can therefore be the lifeblood of your business, because customers who complain are giving you a gift, they’re still talking to you, they’re giving you another opportunity to return them to a state of satisfaction and delight them and the manner in which you respond gives you another chance to show what you’re made of and create even greater customer loyalty.

Native American essay part 2

Native American essay part 2 Native American essay part 2 Native American essay part 2Native American essay part  1In the 1830s, Native Americans still lived in their native lands for the most part. However, white men considered them a threat to peace. So, in 1838, the Federal government had what they called the Five Civilized Tribes removed (Briggs Pittman, 1997). These tribes were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. They were moved at a forced march up to 800 miles from their homelands to the Indian Territory, which is modern-day Oklahoma. Under cruel conditions, the army forced the peaceful tribes through the cold, winter weather to their new homes (Hertz, 2004). During this ordeal, known as the Trail of Tears, over 4,000 Cherokees alone died, out of the 15,000 moved (Billings, 2002). However, the removal of Native Americans had proved to be disastrous for them because they died due to disease, exposure, and starvation. The conditions of the removal were unbearable and Native Americans could not physically survive t he relocation. More important, the relocation was poorly managed since Native Americans were just forced out of their land, they had got the destination and the land, where they had the right to settle, and all the rest was virtually up to Native Americans, how to relocate without any support from the part of the government or white Americans.Even when the Indian Territory was reached, the US Government was not satisfied. Slowly, more and more of the land was taken from the Native American tribes. A government who maintained ideas of equality and freedom, were showing that these ideas obviously did not pertain to everyone. In 1902, several hundred thousand acres were cleared out for white settlements (McCary, 2010). In 1907, the Indian Nations ceased to exist, and when Oklahoma became a state, all Native American territory was assimilated into the Union (Rountree, 2005).Naturally, Native Americans were unwilling to obey to decisions taken by the white officials because they still be lieved that their land belonged to them and they were the native population of America and, thus, they were not going to give in their land to white Americans just because the US Congress decided so. In fact, the increasing pressure of the US government on Native Americans resulted in the open military conflict between Native Americans and white Americans. The series of bloody battles started several years after the end of the Civil War, due to the demand of Indian territory by the white Americans and ended with the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890 (Egloff Woodward, 2001). Thousands of Native Americans were slaughtered by the cruel Union Army, led by generals such as Custer, Gabon, and Sherman. The Native Americans, led by heroes such as Sitting Bull, Chief Joseph, and Crazy Horse, fought outnumbered for many years before being defeated one by one at the hands of the Federal Government (Potter, 1993). They won many battles, such as the Kidder massacre, in which they killed an entir e regiment, with only 2 casualties themselves (Holton, 2000). However, such achievements only enhanced the pressure on Native Americans and provided the US government with the support of the public opinion because white Americans grew certain that Native Americans were dangerous.For the most part, however, the Union was a ruthless enemy. They attacked many harmless villages, and killed many Native Americans in the massacres of Powder River, Sand Creek, Little Wolf, and Wounded Knee (Nash, 1999). The Native Americans were outnumbered and outgunned. By the end of the war, they had won many battles against the Union Army, but they also lost so many warriors that they were forced to surrender (Rountree, 2005). Eventually, Native Americans’ resistance faded away as they could not resist to the overwhelming power of the US. Native Americans could not confront the well-trained army and defeat it. This is why they were forced out of their land, but they lost not only their land but a lso many Native Americans lost their life. Today, the removal of Native Americans is perceived as a humanitarian catastrophe managed by the US government, but, in that time, it was perceived as the operation aiming at securing western frontier of the US and as the only effective way to eliminate the Indian threat.However, this threat was ephemeral and rather imagined than real. As the film Soldier Blue shows the threat was imagined by white Americans because they did not understand Native Americans. More important, they did not want to negotiate or develop closer relations with Native Americans neither. Instead, they preferred to eliminate Native American physically, either through their removal or through their slaughtering. In this regard, the understanding of motives of white Americans justifies, to a certain extent, their actions. At any rate, the film and conclusions that has been just made from this film allow viewing the oppression of Native Americans by white Americans not a s the manifestation of the ultimate cruelty and a genocide attempt but, instead, it may be viewed as actions driven by sheer fear of white Americans, who did not know Native Americans and it was the fear that determined their actions and oppression of Native Americans.Thus, the complexity of relationships between white Americans and native Americans was, to a significant extent, determined by the fear and oppression as the major drivers of the tension between them. White Americans did not know Native Americans, their culture and lifestyle but their traditions appalled then. This is why they viewed Native Americans as a threat and attempted to remove them from the western frontier. However, Native Americans naturally resisted because they were eager to protect their land. As a result, the US Congress took the decision on the removal of Native Americans, who were later settled in reservations.

DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Essay Example

DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Essay Example DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Paper DNR or Do Not Resuscitate Paper DNR or do – not – resuscitate is a recommendation endorsed by a doctor in the patient’s medical record which indicates to the hospital staff that CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be stopped. The doctor’s order or recommendation is of great importance, while providing life enduring treatment to the patient. It prevents redundant and superfluous treatment to the patient who is dying (Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). Generally, doctors negotiate with patients with regard to possible cardiopulmonary arrest. They also discuss the procedures involved in the CPR and the patient is given a choice of treatment preferences. When a patient fails to take a decision or is incapable of taking decisions then a surrogate on behalf of the patient may take a decision with regard to the treatment preferences. It is the responsibility of the surrogate to take suitable decisions based on the previously expressed preferences of the patient. If the surrogate is ignorant about these preferences, it is essential to take decisions, which are in the best interests of the patient (Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). However, the DNR order of the doctor should not result in the cessation of the entire treatment; it should only effect an avoidance of the exercise of CPR. The customary treatment methods such as antibiotic administration, treatment for pains, dialysis and the use of ventilators can be continued if so warranted (Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) Orders). When CPR becomes futile and if the doctor decides that it is unnecessary then there is no need to provide this treatment to the patient. However, an opportunity is made available to the patient, his family members or any surrogate who acts on behalf of the patient to take a decision regarding the DNR order. The concerted involvement of family members arises due to the doctrine of respect for all people to play a role in decisions, which are very important to the life of the patients. It can also be termed as respect for the autonomy of the person (Do Not Resuscitate Orders). Euthanasia The word Euthanasia has its roots in the Greek word euthantos, which means easy death. It connotes an intentional act of either commission or omission, whose intent is to alleviate unbearable pain or suffering by bringing about the cessation of a person’s life. Most of the terminally ill patients prefer an easy death and such is the aim of soothing and hospital services. Nevertheless, these services would vehemently oppose any attempt to describe them as dispensers of euthanasia (Karen Chaloner, September 5, 2007). A major category of euthanasia is that of voluntary euthanasia, which denotes the use of euthanasia at the request of the terminally ill patient. It can also be defined as accelerating the dying process at the express request of the patient. Some of the moral principles that are alluded to in order to justify voluntary euthanasia are independence, rights and best interests. At present patients have the right to decide whether to accept or reject a course of treatment prescribed by the physician and many people are of the opinion that this principle should encompass the right to make an knowledgeable selection in respect of medically aided termination of life (Karen Chaloner, September 5, 2007). Furthermore, it is hypocritical to permit a passive withholding or withdrawal of treatment, whilst disallowing active measures to end life, because the end result is the death of the patient. In Airedale NHS Trust v.  Bland the House of Lords upheld the doctors’ decision to discontinue the treatment being accorded to Bland who had suffered irreversible brain damage, as a consequence of which he was incapable of feeling anything whatsoever (Airedale NHS Trust v. Bland , 1993). As per law, a doctor can effect euthanasia only by an act of omission. Living Wills The breathtaking advances made by medical technology have not only raised several moral questions, but they have also introduced a number of ethical dilemmas in the task of defining death legally (Frederick). An attempt has been underway to institute a person’s right to die, by the stratagem of living wills. An individual by means of a living will bestows upon either family members or legal figures the right to abandonment of treatment that is indispensable for supporting life. A number of States of the Union in the US have recognized the validity of such living wills, nevertheless there exist several unresolved issues in this regard (Frederick). Hospices Terminally ill patients are treated either at home, the hospitals or in hospices, which are institutions that care for the dying or the incurably ill. The medical professionals in such environments, like the physicians and the thanatologists, have to overcome their personal fear of death so that they can succor the hapless patients (Frederick). Despite the fact that physicians opine that patients should not be told about their imminent death, the general opinion being subscribed to by the public is that such disclosures have to be made to the patient. The fact is that most of the terminally ill patients are aware of the fact that their death is approaching very swiftly (Frederick). It is essential to inform patients about their approaching death, because this helps to do away with unwanted falsehoods and promotes the emergence of genuine thoughts. A terminally ill patient if provided with security and information about impending death will be enabled to meet death with equanimity and dignity. This process can be aided considerably by sympathetic physicians and men of the cloth (Frederick). Palliative care is provided with the objective of providing the patient with symptomatic relief and to improve the quality of life of the patient. Patients suffering from pain, fatigue and GI problems require palliative care. Some of the GI problems are nausea, vomiting, hiccups, cachexia, anorexia, constipation and dysphagia. These symptoms have to be treated carefully in order to ensure quality of life in the case of a dying patient. Patients who are suffering from advanced stages of cancer undergo unbearable pain. Relief and prevention of such pain would result in the improvement of their quality of life. Sometimes, such measures facilitate the person to survive and function normally (Charlton, 2/24/2006). Palliative care, being a medical approach, improves the patients’ quality of life. This approach prevents and alleviates the sufferings of patients with terminal illnesses and their families. Palliative care operates by detecting the disease in early stages, correct assessment and giving treatment to reduce the pain and other related problems whether physical, psychosocial or spiritual in nature (WHO Definition of Palliative Care). Palliative care as a distinguishing care, which is provided to a person suffering from incurable diseases, provides gentle comfort and life support to the patient as well as his family. However, palliative care neither prolongs the life of the patient nor hastens his death. It is mainly aimed to provide the patient with a reduction of pain and other corresponding problems such as depression, stomach upsets, etc. Another objective of palliative care is to help the patient and his family members with clear knowledge of the disease and tranquility of the mind (Information for the General Public). The act of making the patients’ health condition comprehensible to the patients and their family members would enable them to take a decision to either continue or discontinue the CPR treatment. In most cases, the patients and the family members will give their consent for a DNR order. In such cases, a DNR order can be issued by the doctor and it can be cosigned by the attending physician (Do Not Resuscitate Orders). Recommendations It is the right of every patient to obtain palliative sedation for pain, to be provided with sufficient pain and symptom management and to refuse treatment that sustains life. A living will helps to decide upon medical care to be adopted on becoming incapacitated and it also enables the patient to suggest a surrogate to take medical care decisions on his behalf. In respect of Euthanasia, the fact remains that people have the right to make crucial decisions regarding their life and how it should end. Therefore, if a person is terminally ill or incurably sick, he should be allowed to decide whether his life should continue or should be brought to a standstill. The provision of hospice facilities ensures that persons who are terminally ill obtain treatment that mitigates their suffering. Such treatment drastically reduces suffering in the last stages of existence of the terminally ill. The principal objective of all the above enumerated methods is to ensure that the terminally ill patients’ suffering is reduced drastically and that such persons are allowed to depart from this life in a manner that is dignified and to their liking. The major aim of these techniques is to provide the best available medical care for alleviating the suffering of those who are on the brink of death. The family members of these patients have to adopt procedures that are likely to prove most beneficial to the patients.

Intervention Strategies for Students at Risk

Intervention Strategies for Students at Risk Teens who are considered to be at-risk have a plethora of issues that need to be addressed, and learning in school is only one of them. By working  with these teens by using effective intervention strategies for studying and learning, its possible to help guide them on the right educational course. Directions or Instructions Make sure directions and/or instructions are given in limited numbers. Give directions/instructions verbally and in simple written format. Ask students to repeat the instructions or directions to ensure understanding occurs. Check back with the student to ensure he/she hasnt forgotten. It is a rare event for students at risk to be able to remember more than 3 things at once. Chunk your information, when 2 things are done, move to the next two. Peer Support Sometimes, all you have to do is assign a peer to help keep a student at risk on task. Peers can help build confidence in other students by assisting in peer  learning. Many teachers use the ask 3 before me approach. This is fine, however, a student at risk may have to have a specific student or two to ask. Set this up for the student so he/she knows who to ask for clarification before going to you. Assignments The student at risk will need many assignments modified or reduced. Always ask yourself, How can I modify this assignment to ensure the students at risk are able to complete it?  Sometimes youll simplify the task, reduce the length of the assignment or allow for a different mode of delivery. For instance, many students may hand something in, the at-risk student may make jot notes and give you the information verbally, or it just may be that you will need to assign an alternate assignment. Increase One to One Time Students at risk will require more of your time. When other students are working, always touch base with your students at risk and find out if theyre on track or needing some additional support. A few minutes here and there will go a long way to intervene as the need presents itself. Contracts It helps to have a working contract between you and your students at risk. This helps prioritize the tasks that need to be done and ensure completion happens. Each day, write down what needs to be completed, as the tasks are done, provide a checkmark or happy face. The goal of using contracts is to eventually have the student come to you for completion sign-offs. You may wish to have reward systems in place also.​ Hands-On As much as possible, think in concrete terms and provide hands-on tasks. This means a child doing math may require a calculator or counters. The child may need to tape record comprehension activities instead of writing them. A child may have to listen to a story being read instead of reading it him/herself. Always ask yourself if the child should have an alternate mode or additional learning materials to address the learning activity. Tests/Assessments Tests can be done orally if need be. Have an assistant help with testing situations. Break tests down in smaller increments by having a portion of the test in the morning, another portion after lunch and the final part the next day. Keep in mind, a student at risk often has a shortened attention span. Seating Where are your students at risk? Hopefully, they are near a helping peer or with quick access to the teacher. Those with hearing or sight issues need to be close to the instruction which often means near the front. Parental Involvement Planned intervention means involving parents. Do you have an agenda in place that goes home each night? Are parents also signing the agenda or contracts you have set up? How are you involving parental support at home for homework or additional follow up? A Strategy Summary Planned interventions are far superior to remediation approaches. Always plan to address students at risk in your learning tasks, instructions, and directions. Try to anticipate where the needs will be and then address them. Intervene as much as possible to support students at risk. If your intervention strategies are working, continue to use them. If theyre not working, plan for new interventions that will help students succeed. Always have a plan in place for those students who are at risk. What will you do for the students that arent learning? Students at risk are really students of promise be their hero.

ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ANSWERS TO SOME FREQUENTLY - Dissertation Example 2. WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF TRANSACTIONS TO WHICH THE BAN ON RIBA IS APPLICABLE? DOES THE TERM APPLY ONLY TO THE INTEREST CHARGED ON CONSUMPTION LOANS OR DOES IT ALSO COVER PRODUCTIVE LOANS ADVANCED BY BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS? The Shariah clearly states that riba al-nasi'ah, â€Å"the fixing in advance a positive return on a loan as a reward for waiting† is prohibited. Hence it could be understood as a ban on interest as commonly used today. Islamic jurists, the fuqaha, state in no unclear terms that all manifestations of riba are forbidden. So it does not matter if the context is consumption or business and also whether the loan in issued or availed. It is also irrelevant whether the institution in question is a commercial bank, government agency, business enterprise or an individual. 3. DOES THE PROHIBITION OF RIBA APPLY EQUALLY TO THE LOANS OBTAINED FROM OR EXTENDED TO MUSLIMS AS WELL AS NON-MUSLIMS? The Islamic Fiqh Academy (IFA), which is the leading authority on f inancial transactions, mentions that there is no leniency in the application of Shariah laws even if one party of a financial transaction is non-Muslim. ... IS SUCH A SCHEME ACCEPTABLE FROM AN ISLAMIC POINT OF VIEW? In economies with high rates of inflation, restrictions imposed by Shariah laws can undermine value of investments. To compensate for such a loss, a method of indexation is usually employed. There is no consensus yet among the fuqaha, as to the compatibility of indexation practices with Islamic scriptures. So far the Fiqh Academy has permitted indexation in cases pertaining to â€Å"wages and contracts fulfilled over a period of time† and has disallowed in cases pertaining to monetary debts. Similarly, â€Å"for debts in a specific currency, due in installments, the parties may agree to settle the installments due in a different currency at the prevailing rate of exchange on the date of settlement†. 5. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR MODES OF FINANCING USED BY ISLAMIC BANKS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS? Islamic banking system has invented a few ingenious modes of financing in order to comply with Shariah principles. The first mode is based upon sharing of both profits and losses incurred by investments, respectively the mudarahab (passive partnership) and musharakah (active partnership). The second mode operates on the basis of credit offered durig the purchase of goods and services and uses such financial concepts as murabahah (sales contract at a profit markup), ijarah (leasing), salam and istisna (contracts). These modes are unique to Islamic finance and have been approved by fiqh officials. Apart from being consistent with Islamic precepts, these modes incentivise direct investments, thereby contributing to economic growth of the bank/institution/country. Yet, improvements need to be done in order to integrate Islamic financial system into global

Barriers to Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Barriers to Communication - Essay Example Recent research has shown that many recruiters now rate communication skills as the most important characteristic sought for in job applicants during selection (Yate, 2009). In this paper, I will be illuminating on the most important barriers that must be understood in order for organizations improve on the communication skills of their people and ultimately efficiency. I will begin by defining what communication is before discussing the process through which occurs with the intention of helping all readers of the report to better utilize the communication function for better personal and organizational performance. Communication can be well defined as a method of exchanging information and common understating between individuals. Unless a mutual understanding is generated from exchange of information, communication will not take place smoothly. The most important necessities in every communication process are the sender and the recipient. The sender will usually start the communication. The recipient is that particular person for which a message is intended. Message refers to the outcome and it may take any form from verbal to nonverbal or written or Language. The flow of information between senders may be hindered by noise, which includes perceptions, barriers in form of language, emotional issues, physical interruptions and attitudes held by the different parties. Feedback occurs at the point when the receiver provides a response to the initial message by a sender. Feedback is crucial to the process of communication as it tells Communication as well as methods that can be used to better improves the daily communication. The common types of barriers that I will be addressing include language barrier- Language is a very important aspect of communication as it plays the role of mediation allowing humans to effectively understand